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quantities of water, making it difficult to operate in arid climates. A few large gas turbines have evaporative cooling, which is expected to be used more frequently on smaller machines in the future. The use of thermal-energy storage systems, such as ice, chilled water, or low-temperature fluids, to cool inlet air can eliminate most parasitic losses from the augmented power capacity. Thermal energy storage is a viable option if on-peak power pricing only occurs a few hours a day. In that case, the shorter time of energy storage discharge and longer time for daily charging allow for a smaller and less expensive thermal-energy storage system. 3.4.4.2 Site Altitude The density of air decreases at altitudes above sea level reducing the mass of air that the compressor section of the turbine can introduce into the combustor. The reduced mass of air flow produces a corresponding reduction in the power (capacity) that the turbine can generate as shown in Figure 3-6. The percentage power reduction is the same for all turbines and is not dependent on the turbine size or the pressure ratio of the compressor. Unlike the effects of increased ambient temperature, which also produces a reduction in the efficiency of electricity production, altitude changes have only a very slight impact on efficiency. Figure 3-6. The Effect of Altitude on Gas Turbine Capacity 3.4.5 Capital Costs A gas turbine CHP plant is a complex process with many interrelated subsystems. The basic package consists of the gas turbine, gearbox, electric generator, inlet and exhaust ducting, inlet air filtration, lubrication and cooling systems, standard starting system, and exhaust silencing. The basic package cost does not include extra systems such as the fuel-gas compressor, heat-recovery system, water-treatment system, or emissions-control systems such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). Not all of these systems are required at every site. The cost of the basic Catalog of CHP Technologies 3–12 Combustion TubinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines
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