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Section 4. Technology Characterization – Steam Turbines 4.1 Introduction Steam turbines are one of the most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies still in general production used to drive a generator or mechanical machinery. The first steam turbine used for power generation was invented in 1884. Following this initial introduction, steam turbines rapidly replaced reciprocating steam engines due to their higher efficiencies and lower costs. Most of the electricity produced in the United States today is generated by conventional steam turbine power plants. The capacity of steam turbines can range from 50 kW to several hundred MWs for large utility power plants. Steam turbines are widely used for combined heat and power (CHP) applications in the United States and Europe. Unlike gas turbine and reciprocating engine CHP systems, where heat is a byproduct of power generation, steam turbine generators normally generate electricity as a byproduct of heat (steam) generation. A steam turbine is captive to a separate heat source and does not directly convert fuel to electric energy. The energy is transferred from the boiler to the turbine through high pressure steam that powers the turbine and generator. This separation of functions enables steam turbines to operate using a large variety of fuels, from clean natural gas to solid waste, including all types of coal, wood, wood waste, and agricultural byproducts (sugar cane bagasse, fruit pits and rice hulls). In CHP applications, steam at lower pressure is extracted from the steam turbine and used directly in a process or for district heating, or it can be converted to other forms of thermal energy including hot or chilled water. Steam turbines offer a wide array of designs and complexity to match the desired application and/or performance specifications ranging from single stage backpressure or condensing turbines for low power ranges to complex multi-stage turbines for higher power ranges. Steam turbines for utility service may have several pressure casings and elaborate design features, all designed to maximize the efficiency of the power plant. For industrial applications, steam turbines are generally of simpler single casing design and less complicated for reliability and cost reasons. CHP can be adapted to both utility and industrial steam turbine designs. Table 4-1 provides a summary of steam turbine attributes described in detail in this chapter. Table 4-1. Summary of Steam Turbine Attributes Steam turbines can be designed to match CHP design pressure and temperature Custom design requirements. The steam turbine can be designed to maximize electric efficiency while providing the desired thermal output. Size range Steam turbines are available in sizes from under 100 kW to over 250 MW. In the multi-megawatt size range, industrial and utility steam turbine designations merge, with the same turbine (high pressure section) able to serve both industrial and small utility applications. Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–1 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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