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Table 4-1. Summary of Steam Turbine Attributes Thermal output Steam turbines are capable of operating over a very broad range of steam pressures. Utility steam turbines operate with inlet steam pressures up to 3500 psig and exhaust at vacuum conditions as low as 2 psia. Steam turbines can be custom designed to deliver the thermal requirements of the CHP application through use of backpressure or extraction steam at appropriate pressures and temperatures. Fuel flexibility Steam turbines offer a wide range of fuel flexibility using a variety of fuel sources in the associated boiler or other heat source, including coal, oil, natural gas, wood and waste products, in addition to waste exhaust heat recaptured in a heat recovery steam generator. Reliability and life Steam turbine equipment life is extremely long. There are steam turbines that have been in service for over 50 years. When properly operated and maintained (including proper control of boiler water chemistry and ensuring dry steam), steam turbines are extremely reliable with overhaul intervals measured in years. Larger turbines require controlled thermal transients as the massive casing heats up slowly and differential expansion of the parts must be minimized. Smaller turbines generally do not have start-up restrictions. 4.2 Applications Steam turbines are well suited to medium- and large-scale industrial and institutional applications, where inexpensive fuels, such as coal, biomass, solid wastes and byproducts (e.g., wood chips), refinery residual oil, and refinery off gases are available. Applications include: • Combined heat and power – Steam turbine-based CHP systems are primarily used in industrial processes where solid or waste fuels are readily available for boiler use. In CHP applications, steam may be extracted or exhausted from the steam turbine and used directly. Steam turbine systems are very commonly found in paper mills as there is usually a variety of waste fuels from hog fuel to black liquor. Chemical plants are the next most common industrial user of steam turbines followed by primary metals. There are a variety of other industrial applications including the food industry, particularly sugar and palm oil mills. • Mechanical drive – Instead of producing electric power, the steam turbine may drive equipment such as boiler feedwater pumps, process pumps, air compressors and refrigeration chillers. Such applications, usually accompanied by process use of steam are found in many of the CHP industries described above. • District heating and cooling systems – There are cities and college campuses that have steam district heating systems where adding a steam turbine between the boiler and the distribution system or placing a steam turbine as a replacement for a pressure reducing station may be an attractive application. Often the boiler is capable of producing moderate-pressure steam but the distribution system needs only low pressure steam. In these cases, the steam turbine generates electricity using the higher pressure steam, and discharges low pressure steam into the distribution system. Such facilities can also use steam in absorption chillers to produce chilled water for air conditioning. Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–2 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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