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• Combined cycle power plants – The trend in power plant design is to generate power with a gas turbine and use the exhaust heat to generate steam that provides additional power through a steam turbine. Such combined-cycle power plants are capable of achieving electric generation efficiencies of over 50 percent. For large industrial CHP applications, an extraction-condensing type of steam turbine can be used in a combined cycle plant with the steam turbine extracting a portion of the steam for process use. There are many large independent power producers (IPP) using combined cycle power plants operating on natural gas to provide power to the electric grid and steam to one or more industrial customers. 4.3 Technology Description 4.3.1 Basic Process The thermodynamic cycle for the steam turbine is known as the Rankine cycle. This cycle is the basis for conventional power generating stations and consists of a heat source (boiler) that converts water to high pressure steam. In the steam cycle, water is first pumped to elevated pressure, which is medium to high pressure, depending on the size of the unit and the temperature to which the steam is eventually heated. It is then heated to the boiling temperature corresponding to the pressure, boiled (heated from liquid to vapor), and then most frequently superheated (heated to a temperature above that of boiling). The pressurized steam is expanded to lower pressure in a turbine, then exhausted either to a condenser at vacuum conditions, or into an intermediate temperature steam distribution system that delivers the steam to the industrial or commercial application. The condensate from the condenser or from the industrial steam utilization system is returned to the feedwater pump for continuation of the cycle. 4.3.2 Components A schematic representation of a steam turbine power system is shown in Figure 4-1. Figure 4-1. Boiler/Steam Turbine System Steam Fuel Boiler Pump Turbine Power out In the simple schematic shown, a fuel boiler produces steam which is expanded in the steam turbine to produce power. When the system is designed for power generation only, such as in a large utility power Process or Condenser Heat out Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–3 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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