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same time its pressure decreases, just as in the nozzles formed by the fixed blades. The competitive merits of these designs are the subject of business competition, as both designs have been sold successfully for well over 75 years. Figure 4-2. Comparison of Impulse and Reaction Turbine Design Source: Electropaedia, http://www.mpoweruk.com/steam_turbines.htm The stationary nozzles accelerate the steam to high velocity by expanding it to lower pressure. A rotating bladed disc changes the direction of the steam flow, thereby creating a force on the blades that, because of the wheeled geometry, manifests itself as torque on the shaft on which the bladed wheel is mounted. The combination of torque and speed is the output power of the turbine. A reduction gear may be utilized to reduce the speed of the turbine to the required output speed for the generator. The internal flow passages of a steam turbine are very similar to those of the expansion section of a gas turbine (indeed, gas turbine engineering came directly from steam turbine design around 100 years ago). The main differences are gas density, molecular weight, isentropic expansion coefficient, and to a lesser extent, the viscosity of the two fluids. Compared to reciprocating steam engines of comparable size, steam turbines rotate at much higher rotational speeds, which contribute to their lower cost per unit of power developed. In addition, the inlet and exhaust valves in reciprocating steam engines cause steam pressure losses that don’t contribute to power output. Such losses do not occur in steam turbines. As a result of these design Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–5 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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