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Usually, the steam sent into the mains is not much above saturation temperature.61 The term back- pressure refers to turbines that exhaust steam at atmospheric pressures and above. The discharge pressure is established by the specific CHP application. The most typical pressure levels for steam distribution systems are 50, 150, and 250 psig. The lower pressures are most often used in district heating systems, while the higher pressures are most often used in supplying steam to industrial processes. Industrial processes often include further expansion for mechanical drives, using small steam turbines for driving heavy equipment that is intended to run continuously for very long periods. Significant power generation capability is sacrificed when steam is used at high pressure, rather than being expanded to vacuum conditions in a condenser. Discharging steam into a steam distribution system at 150 psig can sacrifice slightly more than half the power (compared to a vacuum exhaust) that could be generated when the inlet steam conditions are 750 psig and 800° F, typical of small steam turbine systems. 4.3.2.5 Extraction Turbine An extraction turbine has one or more openings in its casing for extraction of a portion of the steam at some intermediate pressure. The extracted steam may be used for process purposes in a CHP facility, or for feedwater heating, as is the case in most utility power plants. The rest of the steam can be expanded to below atmospheric pressure to a condenser, or delivered to a low pressure steam application as illustrated in Figure 4-5. Figure 4-5. Extraction Steam Turbine The steam extraction pressure may or may not be automatically regulated depending on the turbine design. Regulated, or controlled extraction permits more steam to flow through the turbine to generate additional electricity during periods of low thermal demand by the CHP system. In utility type steam turbines, there may be several extraction points, each at a different pressure corresponding to a different temperature at which heat is needed in the thermodynamic cycle. The facility’s specific needs 61 At 50 psig (65 psia) the condensation temperature is 298° F, at 150 psig (165 psia) the condensation temperature is 366° F, and at 250 psig (265 psia) it is 406° F. Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–8 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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