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for steam and power over time determine the extent to which steam in an extraction turbine will be extracted for use in the process, or be expanded to vacuum conditions and condensed in a condenser. In large, complex industrial plants, additional steam may be admitted to the steam turbine by flowing into the casing to increase the flow in the steam path. Often this happens when multiple boilers are used at different pressures, because of their historical existence. These steam turbines are referred to as admission or reheat turbines. At steam extraction and admission locations, there are usually steam flow control valves that add to the steam and control system cost. 4.4 Performance Characteristics Boilers and steam turbines used for large, central station electric power generation can achieve electrical efficiencies of up to 45 percent HHV62 though the average efficiency of all units in the field is around 33 percent.63 Backpressure steam turbines used in CHP applications extract only a portion of the steam energy to generate electricity, delivering the rest for process use. Consequently, the electric generation efficiencies for the examples shown are all below 10 percent HHV. However, when the energy value of the steam delivered for process use is considered, the effective electrical efficiency is over 75 percent. Table 4-2 summarizes performance characteristics for typical commercially available backpressure steam turbines used in CHP applications between 500 kW to 15 MW size range. Isentropic steam turbine efficiency refers to the ratio of power actually generated from the turbine to what would be generated by a perfect turbine with no internal flowpath losses using steam at the same inlet conditions and discharging to the same downstream pressure. Turbine efficiency is not to be confused with electrical generating efficiency, which is the ratio of net power generated to total fuel input to the cycle. Steam turbine efficiency is a measure of how efficiently the turbine extracts power from the steam itself and is useful in identifying the conditions of the steam as it exhausts from the turbine and in comparing the performance of various steam turbines. Multistage (moderate to high pressure ratio) steam turbines have thermodynamic efficiencies that vary from 65 percent for very small (under 1,000 kW) units to over 90 percent for large industrial and utility sized units. Small, single stage steam turbines can have efficiencies as low as 40 percent. Heat recovery methods from a steam turbine use back pressure exhaust or extraction steam. However, the term is somewhat misleading, since in the case of steam turbines, it is the steam turbine itself that can be defined as a heat recovery device. Steam turbine CHP systems are generally characterized by very low power to heat ratios, typically in the 0.05 to 0.2 range. This is because electricity is a byproduct of heat generation, with the system 62 All turbine and engine manufacturers quote heat rates in terms of the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. However, the usable energy content of fuels is typically measured on a higher heating value basis (HHV). In addition, electric utilities measure power plant heat rates in terms of HHV. For natural gas, the average heat content of natural gas is 1,030 Btu/scf on an HHV basis and 930 Btu/scf on an LHV basis – or about a 10 percent difference. 63 Technology Roadmap: High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Coal-Fired Power Generation, International Energy Agency, December 4, 2012. Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–9 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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