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Chapter 1 Introduction Electric propulsion is a technology aimed at achieving thrust with high exhaust velocities, which results in a reduction in the amount of propellant required for a given space mission or application compared to other conventional propulsion methods. Reduced propellant mass can significantly decrease the launch mass of a spacecraft or satellite, leading to lower costs from the use of smaller launch vehicles to deliver a desired mass into a given orbit or to a deep-space target. In general, electric propulsion (EP) encompasses any propulsion technology in which electricity is used to increase the propellant exhaust velocity. There are many figures of merit for electric thrusters, but mission and application planners are primarily interested in thrust, specific impulse, and total efficiency in relating the performance of the thruster to the delivered mass and change in the spacecraft velocity during thrust periods. While thrust is self-explanatory, specific impulse (Isp) is defined as the propellant exhaust velocity divided by the gravitational acceleration constant g, which results in the unusual units of seconds. The total efficiency is the jet power produced by the thrust beam divided by the electrical power into the system. Naturally, spacecraft designers are then concerned with providing the electrical power that the thruster requires to produce a given thrust, as well as with dissipating the thermal power that the thruster generates as waste heat. In this book, the fundamentals of the ion and Hall thrusters that have emerged as leading electric propulsion technologies in terms of performance (thrust, Isp, and efficiency) and use in space applications will be presented. These thrusters operate in the power range of hundreds of watts up to tens of kilowatts with an Isp of thousands of seconds to tens of thousands of seconds, and they produce thrust levels typically of some fraction of a newton. Ion and Hall thrusters generally use heavy inert gases such as xenon as the propellant. Other propellant materials, such as cesium and mercury, have been investigated in the 1PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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