PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 015
2 Chapter 1 past, but xenon is generally preferable because it is not hazardous to handle and process, it does not condense on spacecraft components that are above cryogenic temperatures, its large mass compared to other inert gases generates higher thrust for a given input power, and it is easily stored at high densities and low tank mass fractions. Therefore, the main focus will be on xenon as the propellant in ion and Hall thrusters, although performance with other propellants can be examined using the basic information provided here. 1.1 Electric Propulsion Background A detailed history of electric propulsion up to the 1950s was published by Choueiri [1], and information on developments in electric propulsion since then can be found in reference books, e.g., [2], and on various internet sites, e.g., [3]. Briefly, electric propulsion was first conceived by Robert Goddard [4] in 1906 and independently described by Tsiolkovskiy [5] in Russia in 1911. Several electric propulsion concepts for a variety of space applications were included in the literature by Hermann Oberth in Germany in 1929 and by Shepherd and Cleaver in Britain in 1949. The first systematic analysis of electric propulsion systems was made by Ernst Stuhlinger [6] in his book Ion Propulsion for Space Flight, published in 1964, and the physics of electric propulsion thrusters was first described comprehensively in a book by Robert Jahn [7] in 1968. The technology of early ion propulsion systems that used cesium and mercury propellants, along with the basics of low-thrust mission design and trajectory analysis, was published by George Brewer [8] in 1970. Since that time, the basics of electric propulsion and some thruster characteristics have been described in several chapters of textbooks published in the United States on spacecraft propulsion [9–12]. An extensive presentation of the principles and working processes of several electric thrusters was published in1989 in a book by S. Grishin and L. Leskov [13 (in Russian)]. Significant electric propulsion research programs were established in the 1960s at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center, Hughes Research Laboratories, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and at various institutes in Russia to develop this technology for satellite station-keeping and deep-space prime propulsion applications. The first experi- mental ion thrusters were launched into orbit in the early 1960s by the U.S. and Russia using cesium and mercury propellants. Experimental test flights of ion thrusters and Hall thrusters continued from that time into the 1980s. The first extensive application of electric propulsion was by Russia using Hall thrusters for station keeping on communications satellites [14]. Since 1971 when the Soviets first flew a pair of SPT-60s on the Meteor satellite, over 238 Hall thrusters have been operated on 48 spacecraft to date [15]. Japan launchedPDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
PDF Search Title:
Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall ThrustersOriginal File Name Searched:
Goebel__cmprsd_opt.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)