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Introduction 3 the first ion thruster system intended for north–south station keeping on the communications satellite Engineering Test Satellite (ETS) VI in 1995 [16]. Although a launch vehicle failure did not permit station keeping by this system, the ion thrusters were successfully operated in space. The commercial use of ion thrusters in the United States started in 1997 with the launch of a Hughes Xenon Ion Propulsion System (XIPS) [17], and the first NASA deep-space mission using the NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Applications Readiness (NSTAR) ion thruster was launched in 1998 on Deep Space 1 [18]. Since then, Hughes/Boeing launched their second-generation 25-cm XIPS ion thruster system [19] in 2000 for station-keeping applications on the high-power 702 communications satellite [20]. The Japanese have successfully used ion thrusters to provide the prime propulsion for the Hayabusa asteroid sample return mission [21], and the European Space Agency (ESA) has used Snecma’s PPS-1350-G Hall thruster on its SMART-1 mission to the moon [22]. The Russians have been steadily launching communications satellites with Hall thrusters aboard and will continue to use these devices for future station- keeping applications [15]. The first commercial use of Hall thrusters by a U.S. spacecraft manufacturer was in 2004 on Space Systems Loral’s MBSAT, which used the Fakel SPT-100 [23]. Additional ion and Hall thruster launches are planned in the U.S. in the near future using thrusters produced by commercial vendors [24–26]. In the past 20 years, electric propulsion use in spacecraft has grown steadily worldwide, and advanced electric thrusters have emerged over that time in several scientific missions and as an attractive alternative to chemical thrusters for station-keeping applications in geosynchronous communication satellites. Rapid growth has occurred in the last 10 years in the use of ion thrusters and Hall thrusters in communications satellites to reduce the propellant mass for station keeping and orbit insertion. The U.S. and the Russians have now each flown well over a hundred thrusters in communications satellites, and will continue to launch more ion and Hall thrusters in the future. The use of these technologies for primary propulsion in deep-space scientific applications has also been increasing over the past 10 years. There are many planned launches of new communications satellites and scientific missions that use ion and Hall thrusters in the coming years as the acceptance of the reliability and cost benefits of these systems grows. 1.2 Electric Thruster Types Electric thrusters are generally described in terms of the acceleration method used to produce the thrust. These methods can be easily separated into three categories: electrothermal, electrostatic and electromagnetic. Common EP thruster types are described in the following.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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