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Introduction 5 emission processes. Due to their very low thrust, these devices will be used for precision control of spacecraft position or attitude in space. Pulsed Plasma Thruster A pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) is an electromagnetic thruster that utilizes a pulsed discharge to ionize a fraction of a solid propellant ablated into a plasma arc, and electromagnetic effects in the pulse to accelerate the ions to high exit velocity. The pulse repetition rate is used to determine the thrust level. Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters are electromagnetic devices that use a very high current arc to ionize a significant fraction of the propellant, and then electromagnetic forces (Lorentz J B forces) in the plasma discharge to accelerate the charged propellant. Since both the current and the magnetic field are usually generated by the plasma discharge, MPD thrusters tend to operate at very high powers in order to generate sufficient force for high specific impulse operation, and thereby also generate high thrust compared to the other technologies described above. Some of the operating parameters of thrusters with flight heritage (resistojet, arcjet, ion, Hall, and PPT) are summarized in Table 1-1. There are many other types of electric propulsion thrusters in development or merely conceived that are too numerous to be described here. This book will focus on the fundamentals of electrostatic ion and Hall thrusters. Table 1-1. Typical operating parameters for thrusters with flight heritage [30]. Thruster Cold gas Chemical (monopropellant) Chemical (bipropellant) Resistojet Arcjet Ion thruster Hall thrusters PPTs Specific Impulse (s) 50–75 150–225 300–450 300 500–600 2500–3600 1500–2000 850–1200 Input Efficiency Power Range Propellant (kW) (%) — — Various — — N2H4 H2O2 — 0.5–1 0.9–2.2 0.4–4.3 1.5–4.5 <0.2 — 65–90 25–45 40–80 35–60 7–13 Various N2H4 monoprop N2H4 monoprop Xenon Xenon TeflonPDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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