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6 Chapter 1 1.3 Ion Thruster Geometry An ion thruster consists of basically three components: the plasma generator, the accelerator grids, and the neutralizer cathode. Figure 1-1 shows a schematic cross section of an electron- bombardment ion thruster that uses an electron discharge to generate the plasma. The discharge cathode and anode represent the plasma generator in this thruster, and ions from this region flow to the grids and are accelerated to form the thrust beam. The plasma generator is at high positive voltage compared to the spacecraft or space plasma and, therefore, is enclosed in a “plasma screen” biased near the spacecraft potential to eliminate electron collection from the space plasma to the positively biased surfaces. The neutralizer cathode is positioned outside the thruster and provides electrons at the same rate as the ions to avoid charge imbalance with the spacecraft. Ion thrusters that use alternative plasma generators, such as microwave or radio frequency (rf) plasma generators, have the same basic geometry with the plasma generator enclosed in a plasma screen and coupled to a gridded ion accelerator with a neutralizer cathode. The performance of the thruster depends on the plasma generator efficiency and the ion accelerator design. A photograph of a large, 57-cm-diameter ion thruster fabricated by JPL, called NEXIS [26], is shown in Fig. 1-2. This thruster is capable of operating at over 20 kW of power with an Isp exceeding 7000 s and a design lifetime of over 100,000 hours. 1.4 Hall Thruster Geometry A Hall thruster can also be thought of as consisting of basically three components: the cathode, the discharge region, and the magnetic field Naturalizer Cathode Plasma Generator Accelerator Grids Anode Cathode Fig. 1-1. Ion thruster schematic showing grids, plasma generator, and neutralizer cathode.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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