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Introduction 7 Fig. 1-2. Photograph of the NEXIS ion thruster [27] showing the 57-cm-diameter multiaperture grids and plasma screen enclosing the thruster body. generator. Figure 1-3 shows a schematic cross section of a Hall thruster. In this example, a cylindrical insulating channel encloses the discharge region. Magnetic coils (not shown) induce a radial magnetic field between the center pole piece and the flux return path at the outside edge. The cathode of the discharge is an external hollow cathode, and the anode is a ring located at the base of the cylindrical slot shown. Gas is fed into the discharge channel through the anode and dispersed into the channel. Electrons attempting to reach the anode encounter a transverse radial magnetic field, which reduces their mobility in the axial direction and inhibits their flow to the anode. The electrons tend to spiral around the thruster axis in the E B direction and represent the Hall current from which the device derives its name. Ions generated by these electrons are accelerated by the electric field from the anode to the cathode- potential plasma produced at the front of the thruster. Some fraction of the electrons emitted from the hollow cathode also leave the thruster with the ion beam to neutralize the exiting charge. The shape and material of the discharge region channel and the details of the magnetic field determine the performance of the thruster. Figure 1-4 shows a photograph of an Aerojet BPT-4000 Hall thruster [25,26] that has completed qualification for flight. This thruster operates from 1 to 5 kW with an Isp near 2000 s and a total system efficiency of up to 52%. ThisPDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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