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Hollow Cathodes 245 The structure of the hollow cathode serves three main functions. First, some fraction of the thruster propellant is injected through the hollow cathode, and the discharge inside the resulting high neutral pressure region generates a cold, high-density plasma. The plasma and neutral densities are the highest of anywhere in the thruster, and the electron temperature is correspondingly the lowest. This causes the plasma potential inside the hollow cathode to be very low, reducing the energy of the ions that arrive at the insert surface. This characteristic behavior is demonstrated in Fig. 6-3, which shows the measured potential and density profiles in the Nuclear Electric Xenon Ion Thruster System (NEXIS) hollow cathode [1] discharge. Plasma densities in excess of 1014 cm–3 are routinely generated inside hollow cathodes, and the electron temperature is found [2] to be only 1 to 2 eV. The low plasma potential in the insert region and high neutral scattering rates decrease the ion bombardment energy striking the insert surface to typically less than 20 eV, which essentially eliminates ion sputtering of the surface and greatly increases the life of the cathode. Second, the high-density plasma in the insert region eliminates space charge effects at the cathode surface that can limit the electron emission current density. Emission current densities of 1 to 10 A/cm2 are typically employed in thruster hollow cathodes for compact size and good life, although higher Fig. 6-3. Plasma potential (top) and density (bottom) measured on axis in the NEXIS hollow cathode at 25 A of discharge current.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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