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Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters

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Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters ( fundamentals-electric-propulsion-ion-and-hall-thrusters )

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244 Chapter 6 the orifice plate. This insert is the active electron emitter, and it can be made of several different materials that provide a low work function surface on the inside diameter in contact with the cathode plasma. The cathode tube is wrapped with a heater (a co-axial sheathed heater is shown in the figure) that raises the insert temperature to emissive temperatures to start the discharge. The electrons emitted from the insert ionize gas injected through the cathode tube and form a cathode plasma from which the discharge-current electrons are extracted through the orifice into the thruster plasma. A hollow cathode can be separated into three distinct plasma regions illustrated in Fig. 6-2: a dense plasma in the insert region interior to the cathode, a high current density plasma in the orifice, and a diffuse plume plasma outside of the cathode that connects to the thruster discharge plasma. The plasma ions generated throughout the device neutralize the electron space charge; as a result, hollow cathodes produce high currents at low voltages as compared with vacuum cathode devices. Fig. 6-1. Typical hollow cathode geometry of a refractory metal tube with an emissive insert inside and a heater wrapped on the outside. Fig. 6-2. The three plasma regions in a hollow cathode.

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