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Hollow Cathodes 293 Fig. 6-37. Plasma potential contours measured for the NEXIS cathode at the nominal 25-A, 5.5-sscm discharge condition [43]. 6.8.1 Dispenser Cathodes in Insert Plasmas In dispenser cathodes, evaporation of the barium layer coating the cathode surface is well understood, and depletion life models can be readily constructed if this is the root cause of barium loss [47]. However, the emitter surface is exposed to a plasma, and ion bombardment of the surface by ions from the insert-region plasma can increase the loss of barium from the surface, which will reduce the lifetime of the cathode. While the basic concept of a hollow cathode is to reduce the erosion and modification of the low work-function insert surface with a high-pressure, collisional insert plasma, this benefit had to be validated before the cathode life could be predicted [47]. An experimental and theoretical study of enhanced barium evaporation from dispenser cathode surfaces was undertaken [48] to determine the plasma conditions in the insert region under which an evaporation model could be used. The experimental arrangement measured the barium evaporation from a Type S 4:1:1-impregnated porous tungsten cathode with an embedded heater during xenon plasma bombardment. The cathode could be biased negatively relative to the plasma in order to control the ion bombardment energy. The barium evaporation rate was measured by a fiber optic coupled to a visible wavelength spectrometer tuned to detect the emission intensity of the Ba-I linePDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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