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312 Chapter 6 the orifice and the discharge current) and can be affected by the anode location and design [46]. As the discharge current is increased for a given cathode orifice size and gas flow rate, the noise in the discharge voltage and in probe signals from the plasma increases [70], and the cathodes produce ions with energies significantly in excess of the discharge voltage and produce significant keeper and cathode orifice erosion. This leads to the keeper and cathode life issues discussed above associated with plume-mode behavior and often determines the cathode geometry and operation conditions selected for any given thruster. Figure 6-54 shows the discharge voltage versus current for a 1.5-cm-diameter dispenser hollow cathode with a 2.1-mm orifice for several different flow rates [6]. In this case, two different anode geometries were used: one was a 45-deg conical anode and the second was a 5-cm-diameter cylindrical anode. The maximum current in the plot that could be achieved at a given gas flow was due to the onset of strong discharge voltage oscillations of greater than ±5 V. The small cylindrical anode permitted significantly higher discharge currents to be obtained before the oscillation limits and also reduced the discharge voltage at all currents. This is due to the increased gas pressure near the cathode exit increasing the plasma generation in the cathode plume, which could only be achieved with the conical anode by injecting significant amounts of gas directly into the anode region. It is clear that the onset of the oscillations and the transition to plume mode is an anode-plasma effect, which will be discussed further later. Fig. 6-54. Discharge voltage versus current for several hollow cathode flow rates for two anode configurations.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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