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Fig. 38. Various methods of attaching blades to turbine disks. Source: Courtesy of Butterworth Heinemann, from “Process Plant Machinery” 2nd edition, Bloch, H. and Soares, C., 1998, original source Rolls Royce The stationary part of the turbine assembly consists of a row of contoured vanes set at a predetermined angle to form a series of small nozzles which direct the gases onto the blades of the turbine rotor. For this reason, the stationary vane assembly is usually called the turbine nozzle, and the vanes are called nozzle guide vanes. Exhaust module The gas turbine’s hot gases exit via the exhaust section or module. Structurally, this section supports the power turbine and rear end of the rotor shaft. The exhaust case typically has an inner and outer housing. Hollow struts locate its position. The inner housing typically has a cone shape or cover that encloses a chamber for cooling the thrust bearing at the end of the shaft. When we consider aircraft engine applications, we note that turboshaft engines (such as those used in helicopters) do not develop thrust with the use of the exhaust duct, as they must be capable of stationary hover. So helicopters use divergent ducts that dissipate energy in exhaust gases. On fixed wing aircraft, the exhaust duct could be convergent in design. That would accelerate exhaust gases and produce thrust which adds additional power to the engine. Combined thrust and shaft horsepower give equivalent shaft horsepower (ESHP). Other Gas Turbine Systems Cooling system Air for cooling the hot sections of the turbine are drawn (bleed air) from various stages in the compressor. Most OEMs prefer to use air only for cooling, even if they have a combined cycle operation and therefore a source of steam derived from water that is boiler feed water quality. Steam cooling can be very effective, both in closed loop and open loop configurations, as some OEMs, such as MHI have proven. If the steam quality stays uniform, deposits will not form on the insides of fine laser drilled cooling holes in the turbine airfoils. However, if there is a divergence in required water/ steam quality, this could prove a problem. Other OEMs, such as Rolls Royce prefer not to worry about this possibility, however remote. They configure their designs so that they only need air cooling. See Figs 39 and 40. For a description on a successful steam cooling design, see the section on Design Development. Air “spent” on cooling will cost the OEM in terms of nominal efficiency, so some designers are less keen to spend more than they absolutely have to. In power generation machinery that generally operates at base load, this may not be of major concern. It is, in applications with severe swings in load and/ or speed. 28PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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