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While fogging and evaporative cooler power increase depends on ambient conditions, the high fogging power increase is nearly independent of ambient humidity and temperature. Fig. 61. a) High Fogging Nozzle Rack, b) High Fogging Pump Skid 7 The major components of a high fogging unit are • the nozzle rack with nozzles (fig. 61a) • the pump skid including a control unit (fig. 61b) and a water filtration system • the valve skid with staging valves • a water drain system for intake manifold Swirl nozzles are used in Alstom’s high fogging system for the same reasons as with the regular fogging system. The high-pressure pump operation is also similar. The valves, located at the valve rack, allow the sequencing of the water flow rate into subgroups (typically 5 or 10), that are switched on according to the power demand. Drains in the air intake manifold ensure that water films and large secondary droplets are extracted from the air-steam flow. The total water mass flow capacity of the high fogging system for a GT24 and GT26 is currently 1.2% of the air intake mass flow of the specific engine at ISO conditions. Accordingly, the demand of de-mineralized water is about 18,000 l/h or 5 kg/s for a GT24 and about 25,000 l/h or 7 kg/s for a GT26. If the control system is not adjusted to take into account the effect of the water content due to high fogging the pulsation levels of the combustion system and CO emissions may increase. Steady state cycle simulations confirmed that high fogging leads to a slight shift in the hot gas temperature if dry TIT (turbine inlet temperature) formulas are applied without any adoption. As countermeasure a modified TIT formula analogue to those used for oil operation with NOx water injection or operation with steam injection for power augmentation was implemented. This takes into account the amount of water injected for High Fogging. When using the adjusted TIT formulas high fogging has a negligible influence on CO emissions under base load operating conditions where the CO emissions are small (typically < 5 ppm). NOx typically appears to decrease with increasing high fogging water mass flow. Gas Turbine Performance Ambient Condition Effects, Performance Optimization, and Extending Application Range Certain atmospheric conditions have a critical impact on any given gas turbine’s available power: a) Ambient temperature: As this rises, a gas turbine may swallow the same volume of air, but that air will weigh less with increasing atmospheric temperature. Less air mass means less fuel mass is required to be ignited with that air and consequential lower power developed. b) Altitude: Increasing altitude means lower density air, so that is turn decreases power developed by the turbine. c) Humidity: Water vapor is less dense than air, so more water vapor in a given volume means less weight of that air than if it had less water vapor. The effect is the same as with the two above factors. 51PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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