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60 Fig. 73. A Schematic of a GT open system with water injection and regeneration combined cycle plant efficiencies are now typically up to between 58% and 60%. Source: Courtesy McGraw Hill, from “Power Generation Handbook”, Kiameh, P. Gas flapper valves allow the gas turbine exhaust to bypass the heat recovery boiler (HRSG) allowing the gas turbine to operate if the steam unit is down for maintenance. In earlier designs supplementary oil or gas firing was also included to permit steam unit operation with the gas turbine down. This is not generally included in contemporary combined-cycle designs, as it adds to capital cost, complicates the control system, and reduces efficiency. Sometimes as many as four (but most frequently two) gas turbines, each with individual boilers may be associated with a single steam turbine. As stated previously, the gas turbine, steam turbine, and generator may be arranged as a single-shaft design. A multi-shaft arrangement can also be used: Each gas turbine drives a generator and has its own HRSG, and steam turbine, which in turn, may also add power to the generator. In areas such as Scandinavia, additional criteria such as cogeneration in combined heat and power plants (CHP) or district heating, as well as demanding conditions (e.g. available space, emissions, noise level, architecture, environmental permits) associated with existing sites and available infrastructure must also be considered. A customer’s preferences regarding fuel election, personnel training level required and service requirements must also be accommodated. Combined Cycle Module Flexibility With combined cycles, capacity can be installed in modules or module stages. Gas turbines can be commissioned initially (1 to 2 years project construction) and then the HRSG(s) and steam turbine(s) (an additional 6 months to 1 year). For instance, an Alstom 13E2 CC module can consist of 2, 13E2 gas turbines with heat recovery steam generation and one steam turbine, as in their Kuala Langat, Malaysia plant. In this way, combined cycle capacity can be installed in segments. This further assists generation dispatching, as each gas turbine can be operated with or without the steam turbine. This then provides better efficiency at partial load than operating one large machine with the total capacity equal to the gas turbine(s) and the steam turbine.PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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