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Chapter2. Theory 10 Besides the Reynolds number, the Strouhal number is of importance for jet geom- etry scaling. It allows frequency comparisons between jets of different scale and flow velocity. 2.2.2 Free Jet Fluid Mechanics As air exits the engine nozzle, it enters into a stationary or comparably slow and parallel moving environment, resulting in a highly turbulent free jet. A shear layer is formed between the fluids of different velocities. This shear layer facil- itates particle exchange through turbulent friction, thus aligning the velocity of both the jet and free stream. At the center of the nozzle is a conically shaped area, in which the velocity of the jet equates to that of the jet at the outlet plane. As such, this area is also known as the potential core of the free jet. The core’s dia- meter decreases with increasing distance to the nozzle, its dissipation marking the end of the continous area and the begin of the dissipation area. Contrarily, the toroidally shaped mixing layer’s volume increases; as the jet becomes slower, it grows steadily broader, until it fully dissipates into the surrounding after a dis- tance of approximately x/d ≈ 10 − 100. The dissipation length depends on the speed difference of jet and free stream [30, 31]. The jet of modern bypass turbofan engines develops following the same princi- ple as described above. However, due to turbofan engines having two separate nozzles - for core and bypass flow - two mixing processes take place: The very hot and fast core air flow is mixed with the slower and colder bypass flow, which in turn is mixed with the even colder and slower free air stream. As such, there are several interfaces between hot and cold flows of differing velocity, which give rise to a number of turbulent mixing regions. In addition, the cowl configuration influences the mixing process. There exist two notable cowl designs in modern turbofans. For the short-cowl configuration (SC), also known as separate nozzles, the core duct extends beyond the bypass duct, as depicted in Fig. 2.3. Therefore, the bypass flow mixes with the free jet first (1). The core flow is then encased by this slow and cold pre-mixed flow (2), which lowers overall acoustic emission (see Sect. 2.3). The mixed flow of boths jets (3) will dissipate into the atmosphere in a large-scale, low-velocities process (4) [4, 26, 33]. The second configuration is called long-cowl (LC), common or integrated nozzle. Here, the bypass duct extends beyond the core duct, allowing a pre-mixing of thePDF Image | Investigation of wing installation effects on the sound field of a model jet engine
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