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sound. “Buzz bomb” described an early application of this unit, the German V-1 flying bomb designed for the German Air Ministry in 1933, and more recently used for ultra-light type aircraft. We learned the basic principle of jet propulsion with the rocket. The ram jet taught us that adding heat would expand the gases and increase velocity. It also showed the amount of heat that is possible to add is dependent upon the amount of air available. The pulsejet proved that the more air an engine could compress the greater the power (thrust) it produced. Gas Turbine Engine The compressor is the greatest single reason the gas turbine engine runs and produces the thrust needed by modern aircraft. A basic axial- flow compressors job is to compress gaseous energy while accelerating it straight back along a single axis by means of a shaft with blades attached in rows, called a rotor. When the rotor shaft turns, the blades pull air into the engine. The air is then directed to a set of stationary blades, called stator vanes (Figure1-9). The stator vanes direct air into the next set of compressor vanes. Each set of blades and vanes increases the compression of the air used for combustion. A greater number of stages amount to a higher compression ratio. Air from the compressor section goes into the combustion section. This area is where fuel and air are mixed and ignited. The burning of the fuel/air mixture produces hot, expanding gases that rush into the turbine rotors. The turbine rotors attach to the same shaft as the compressor rotors, so the turbine drives the compressor, making the engine self-sustaining. Finally, the exhaust gases exit the engine (Figure 1-10) as jet thrust. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF JET PROPULSION Physical principles govern the action of matter, motion, force, and energy. You study these actions in physics. An English scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, stated three laws of motion explaining jet propulsion. Another scientist, Bernoulli, explained the principle behind the convergent/divergent ducts we discussed earlier. These laws and principles have words or terms with specific meanings. Understanding the exact meaning of the words is the key to understanding the principles of physics. So we will define some of the basic terms of physics we need for a good understanding of jet propulsion. Figure 1-9 — Rotor and stator elements of an axial-flow compressor. 1-4 Figure 1-10 — Effects on airflow through an engine.PDF Image | JET ENGINE THEORY AND DESIGN
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