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Standard day is a reference or standard. Standard day shows conditions at sea level: barometric pressure—29.92 inches of mercury (Hg); temperature—59.0 °F. Operation of engines at a temperature above or below this temperature will proportionally affect thrust output by as much as 15 or 20 percent. As the temperature of a slug of air increases, the molecules move faster. They run into each other with more impact, and move further apart. This decreases the density of the air. With the decrease in density, the weight of the air is less, and the thrust produced is proportional to the weight of the slug of air. Pressure effect is an increase in pressure, resulting in more molecules per cubic foot, which, in turn, increases the weight of the slug of air. The weight of the air affects thrust output. Ram effect is defined simply as more air arriving at the engine intake than the engine can ingest. Ram recovery is the airspeed at which ram pressure rise is equal to friction pressure loss. This speed varies with duct design factors. Mach 0.2, or 150 miles per hour, is a representative reference number for the beginning of ram effect. Now let’s apply the terms we learned to the principles of thrust. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Newton’s first law (Figure1-11, view A), states “A body (mass) at rest tends to remain at rest, and a body in motion tends to move at a constant speed, in a straight line unless acted upon by some external force.” Newton’s second law (Figure 1-11, view B), states “An unbalance of force on a body tends to produce an acceleration in the direction of force, and that acceleration, if any, is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.” This law simply stated is “force is proportional to the product of mass and acceleration” or where F = force, in pounds; M = mass, in slugs; and A = acceleration, in feet per second per second. His third law (Figure 1-11, view C) states that “for every acting force (action) there is an equal and opposite reacting force (reaction).”The action reaction is simultaneous and it does not matter which is Figure 1-11 — Newton’s three laws, view A, B, and C. 1-6PDF Image | JET ENGINE THEORY AND DESIGN
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