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vanes employed varies with different types and sizes of engines. Figure 1-34, views A and B show typical turbine nozzles featuring loose and welded vane fits, respectively. The vanes of the turbine nozzle are assembled between the outer and inner shrouds or rings in a variety of ways. Although the actual elements may vary slightly in their configuration and construction features, there is one characteristic peculiar to all turbine nozzles; that is, the nozzle vanes are constructed to allow for thermal expansion. Otherwise there would be severe distortion or warping of the metal parts because of rapid temperature variances. The expansion feature of the turbine nozzle is accomplished by one of several methods. One method has the vanes assembled loosely in the supporting inner and outer shrouds shown in Figure 1-34, view A. Each of the vanes fits into a contoured slot in the shrouds. They conform to the airfoil shape of the vanes. These slots are slightly larger than the vanes to give a loose fit. The inner and outer shrouds are encased by an inner and outer support ring, which give increased strength and rigidity. These supports also help with removing the nozzle vanes as a unit. Otherwise, the vanes could fall out of the shrouds as the shrouds are removed. Another method of thermal expansion construction is to fit the vanes into inner and outer shrouds. However, this method welds or rivets the vanes into position as shown in Figure 1-34, view B. Some means must be provided for the inevitable thermal expansion; therefore, either the inner or the outer shroud ring is cut into segments. These saw cuts dividing the segments will allow enough expansion to prevent stress and warping of the vanes. The rotor element of the turbine section consists essentially of a shaft and a wheel (Figure 1-33). The following brief discussion of impulse and reaction turbines should help clarify their function. The turbine blades are of two basic types— impulse and reaction. Most aircraft engines use a blade with both impulse and reaction sections. The impulse is usually at the base of the blade. The impulse turbine can be defined as a turbine that derives its rotation from the weight and velocity of the air striking its blades. The reaction turbine derives its rotation from the air pressure across its blades, as in an airfoil (Figure 1- 35). Figure 1-35 — Impulse and reaction blades. The impulse-reaction turbine combines the rotational forces described in the two previous turbines. It derives its rotation from the weight of air striking the turbine blades and the airfoil reaction of air passing over the blade’s surface. 1-24 Figure 1-34 — Turbine nozzle vane assembly. (A) with loose fitting vanes; (B) with welded vanes.PDF Image | JET ENGINE THEORY AND DESIGN
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