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The turbine wheel is a dynamically balanced unit with blades attached to a rotating disc. The disc is attached to the main power-transmitting shaft of the engine. The jet gases leaving the turbine nozzle vanes act on the blades of the turbine wheel, causing the assembly to rotate at a very high speed. The high rotational speed causes heavy centrifugal loads on the turbine wheel. The elevated temperatures result in a lowering of the strength of the material. The engine speed and temperature must be controlled to keep turbine operation within safe limits. The part of the turbine wheel without blades is known as a turbine disc. The disc acts as an anchoring part for the turbine blades. Since the disc is attached to the rotor shaft, the exhaust gas energy extracted by the blades is imparted to the shaft. The disc rim is exposed to the hot gases passing through the blades and absorbs considerable heat from these gases. In addition, the rim also absorbs heat from the turbine buckets by conduction. Hence, disc rim temperature slopes are quite high and well above the temperatures of the more remote inner portion of the disc. As a result of these temperature slopes, thermal stresses are added to the stresses due to rotation. There are various methods provided to relieve, at least partially, these stresses. One such method is the incorporation of an auxiliary fan somewhere ahead of the disc. Usually rotor-shaft driven, it forces cooling air back into the face of the disc. Another method of relieving the thermal stresses of the disc follows as incidental to blade installation. The disc rims are notched to conform to the blade root design. The disc is made adaptable for retaining the turbine blades. At the same time, space is provided by the notches for thermal expansion of the disc. The turbine shaft is made from low-alloy steel. It must be capable of absorbing high torque loads, such as when a heavy axial-flow compressor is started. The methods of connecting the shaft to the turbine disc vary. One method used is welding. The shaft is welded to the disc, which has a butt or protrusion provided for the joint. Another method is by bolting. This method requires that the shaft have a hub that matches a machined surface on the disc face. The bolts are then inserted through holes in the shaft hub and anchored in tapped holes in the disc. Of the two methods, bolting is more common. To join the turbine shaft to the compressor rotor hub, a splined cut is made on the forward end of the shaft. The spline fits into a coupling device between the compressor and turbine shafts. If a coupling is not used, the splined end of the turbine shaft may fit Figure 1-36 —Turbine blade with fir-tree design root and tab lock method retention. Figure 1-37 —Riveting method of turbine blade retention. 1-25PDF Image | JET ENGINE THEORY AND DESIGN
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