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AIP Advances ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/adv FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a prototype microwave air plasma jet thruster. A flattened waveguide was used to increase the electric field strength of air ionization inside the air ionization chamber. An industrial cooler is used to cool the circulator and the magnetron. We use an air compressor and an airflow meter to generate and condition the high-pressure air into the quartz tube. Air enters the quartz tube from the side, forming a vortex that keeps the plasma jet stable in the tube.21 As shown in Fig. 2, variation in the microwave power affects the length of the air microwave plasma jet. Our obser- vation indicates that the length of the flame increased with increas- ing power. In addition, changes in the injected airflow also affect the flame length. The flame temperature can reach higher than 1000 ○ C; a general-purpose barometer will not withstand such a high tempera- ture and could not be used. Therefore, in this experiment, we devised a simple tool to measure the jet pressure of the hot plasma. We AIP Advances 10, 055002 (2020); doi: 10.1063/5.0005814 © Author(s) 2020 placed a hollow steel ball (117 g, outer diameter 75.5 mm) on top of the quartz tube, as shown in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b) (Multimedia view). A small hole was drilled on the top of the ball with an opening for the insertion of much smaller steel beads to change the overall ball weight. If the plasma jet is sufficiently strong, it can cause the hol- low steel ball to vibrate. In order to keep the steel ball stationary, small steel beads need to be added. We define the threshold weight as the minimum total weight (including the steel ball and small steel beads) that can make the steel ball keep still. We can calculate the threshold propulsion force from this critical weight. Then, based on the known area for the quartz tube cross section, the jet pressure can be determined. The jet propulsion force F is equal to the crit- ical total weight M times the gravitational acceleration g, which is 9.8 N/kg. In the experiments, we used 400 W, 600 W, and 800 W for 10, 055002-2 FIG. 3. (a) Schematic diagram of a simple homemade heat-resistant device for the propulsion pressure measurements, consisting of a hollow steel ball on top of the quartz tube. The device has a small hole at the top for inserting smaller steel beads in order to adjust the threshold weight at which the ball starts to rattle due to the effect of the plasma jet. (b) The device used in the experi- ment, the point at which the hollow steel ball began to vibrate (Multimedia view: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0005814.1). FIG. 2. Images of the microwave air plasma jet at different power settings (in a unit of W). The length, temperature, and brightness of the flame increase with an increase in the microwave power.PDF Image | Jet propulsion by microwave air plasma in the atmosphere
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