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AIP Advances ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/adv the microwave power, and 0.7 m3/h, 0.85 m3/h, 1 m3/h, 1.15 m3/h, 1.3 m3/h, and 1.45 m3/h for the airflow rate. Even in the absence of microwave power, the injected compressed air can provide some propulsion to the steel ball. Therefore, when calculating the net propulsion Fnet generated purely by the plasma jet, it is necessary to subtract the F0 propulsion contribution that is present in the absence of microwave irradiation. Thus, the net propulsion force is given by Fnet =F−F0 =(M−M0)g. (1) M0 is the critical steel ball weight obtained in the absence of the microwave irradiation. The overall pressure P generated by the air plasma jet is equal to F/πR2, where R is the inner diameter of the quartz tube. Subtracting the contribution to the pressure gen- erated purely by air injection, the net jet propulsion pressure is obtained as Pnet = (F − F0)/πR2. (2) We measured the threshold weight at which the steel ball started to rattle to measure the corresponding jet propulsion force of the plasma jet under different microwave powers and airflow rates. Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the overall jet propulsion force includ- ing the contribution from the injected air with no microwave power, where the x-axis represents the power and flow rate. These data were linearly fitted with a slope m and an intercept c, indicating a linear increase with increasing power or airflow. Figure 5 shows the net pressure generated by the plasma jet at various microwave power and airflow settings based on the area of the inner quartz tube. For example, at the power and airflow rate of 600 W and 1.15 m3/h, respectively, the net jet pressure reaches 1.6 × 104 N/m2 after the subtraction of the airflow component. The above experimental results proved that the microwave power and airflow have a significant influence on the plasma jet propulsion. At a constant airflow, higher microwave power makes the electric field inside the ionization chamber much stronger, lead- ing to a more efficient ionization of the gas molecules. At higher microwave power and airflow, the temperature and density of the plasma increase, resulting in increased jet propulsion force and pressure. In summary, we propose a prototype device that utilizes microwave air plasma for jet propulsion as a viable engine. To mea- sure the propulsion pressure of very hot plasma (easily over 1000 ○ C) at temperatures where a conventional pressure meter can be dam- aged, we devised a technique based on the use of a hollow steel ball with adjustable weight. The pressure was determined according to the threshold weight at which the ball started to rattle. Based on the threshold weight data, we have determined the plasma propulsion force and pressure as a function of microwave power and the air flow rate. For example, at the microwave power and air flow rate of 400 W and 1.45 m3/h, respectively, the overall jet propulsion force was approximately 11 N or 28 N/kW. Based on the area of the quartz tube opening, we estimated the total propulsion pressure to be 2.4 × 104 N/m2. These values are comparable to those of a con- ventional jet engine of an airplane and are much higher than the values obtained for the airplane powered by ionic wind. The bat- tery pack of a Tesla Model S electric car has 416 horsepower, or 310 kW equivalent. Assuming linear extrapolation, using such a power, our jet thruster can generate a force of approximately 8500 N. AIP Advances 10, 055002 (2020); doi: 10.1063/5.0005814 © Author(s) 2020 Therefore, using a high-power microwave source or an array of mul- tiple microwave sources in parallel operation, with materials resis- tant to high temperature and pressure, it is possible to construct a high-performance microwave air plasma jet thruster in the future to avoid carbon emissions and global warming that arise due to fossil fuel combustion. When high-power microwave is generated using microwave sources arranged in parallel, higher heat is also gener- ated. At this time, the method of measuring the propulsive force with a steel ball is no longer applicable. How to deal with the impact of high temperature on equipment and how to evaluate the driving force are challenges that require further research. 10, 055002-3 FIG. 4. (a) Threshold propulsion force at various air flow settings as a function of the microwave power (in a unit of W). Linear fits were obtained with m representing the slope and c representing the y-axis intercept. I represents the air flow rate (in a unit of m3/h). (b) Similar to (a), but with the x-axis representing the air flow rate.PDF Image | Jet propulsion by microwave air plasma in the atmosphere
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