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Chapter Two JET ENGINE BASICS, METRICS, AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS This chapter provides a basic overview of jet engine technologies and the metrics used to compare them. This background information on engine components and performance parameters should be useful in interpreting the engine data and cost-estimating relationships pre- sented in Chapters Five and Six. In addition, some related emerging technologies and cost-reduction initiatives are also described in the next chapter to illuminate some factors that may influence the costs of future jet engines. JET ENGINE BASICS Jet engines operate on what thermodynamicists know as the Brayton cycle. The Brayton cycle consists of three distinct stages: compression (raising the pressure of the air entering an engine), heating (raising the temperature of the air to increase its energy greatly), and expan- sion (allowing the pressure of the flowing air and fuel combustion products to drop in order to extract energy and accelerate the flow).1 While variations in hardware design and complexity exist, these three stages are normally achieved in jet engines by using the following processes: ______________ 1More specifically, and from a theoretical perspective, the Brayton cycle consists of adiabatic compression of the working fluid (raising the pressure of the air, without ex- ternal heating or cooling), heating the working fluid at a constant pressure, and adia- batic expansion of the working fluid (allowing the pressure to drop without external heating or cooling). 9PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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