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10 Military Jet Engine Acquisition The pressure of the air entering an engine is raised as the air is ini- tially slowed by the engine’s inlet2 and as it flows through the en- gine’s compressor. Next, heating occurs in a combustor, where fuel is burned with the high-pressure air. Finally, expansion occurs as en- ergy is extracted from the exhaust gases by a turbine. These gases ac- celerate through the engine’s nozzle to produce thrust. The turbine extracts power from high-pressure and high-temperature combus- tion products (much like a windmill extracts energy from wind) to drive (turn) the rotating compressor. A small percentage of the tur- bine’s power is also drawn off to run auxiliary systems, such as the oil pump, fuel pump, hydraulic pump, and alternator. A jet engine produces thrust by making a net change in the velocity of the air that is moving through the engine. In the words of Sir Isaac Newton, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. As the engine “pushes” on the air to accelerate it, the air pushes back on the engine, providing thrust for the aircraft. This effect is illustrated by the basic thrust equation: Thrust = mdot * (Vout – Vin) where, mdot is the rate at which air moves through the engine (kilograms [kg]/second), Vout (meters/second) is the velocity of the flow leaving the exhaust nozzle (i.e., the flow’s velocity relative to the nozzle), and Vin is the velocity of the air as it approaches the engine (which is also the aircraft’s true airspeed).3 A turbojet is a basic jet engine that integrates the five primary com- ponents mentioned earlier (inlet, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle). Some turbojets include a second combustor after the turbine, called an afterburner (or augmentor). The afterburner adds energy to the turbine discharge flow to maximize the thrust from the engine. The afterburner is usually engaged only when the maximum thrust is required because the fuel efficiency of a jet engine drops by a factor of three or four when the afterburner is at its maximum set- ______________ 2Inlets slow the incoming air at most flight conditions. However, when the aircraft is parked with the engines running or is flying very slowly, the engine is actually acceler- ating the air as it sucks it into the inlet. 3For simplicity, these velocities are measured relative to a reference frame attached to the aircraft.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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