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14 Military Jet Engine Acquisition sume that these aircraft are powered by internal combustion engines like early propeller-driven aircraft, rather than by these forms of jet engines. Like the turbofan or turbojet, these engines have a nozzle down- stream of the low-pressure turbine, and the flow exiting this nozzle typically produces some thrust. However, the low-pressure turbine extracts so much of the flow’s energy before it reaches the nozzle that the main propulsive effect is achieved by the propeller or helicopter rotor, rather than by the flow exiting this nozzle. Virtually all turbo- prop and turboshaft engines employ highly efficient gearboxes to re- duce the power shaft’s rotational speed to an RPM appropriate for the propeller, rotor, and other engine components. JET ENGINE PARAMETERS Several parameters have been defined and are used widely to charac- terize the quality and performance of jet engines. In many cases, these parameters also have the greatest affect on engine cost. The most common of these metrics are defined in this section. Thrust from turbofans and turbojets is measured in pounds or Newtons (N). Maximum thrust is the highest level of thrust available from an engine. This level is achieved by positioning the throttle at maximum afterburner (if so equipped), by injecting water into the engine’s airflow to increase thrust for takeoff on some turbojets and turbofans,6 or by setting the throttle at a temporary “overspeed” maximum RPM, which may have a time or altitude restriction asso- ciated with it. Many engines do not use any of these augmentation techniques.7 ______________ 6This technique, which is no longer common, simply increases the mass ejected from the engine. 7Turboprop and high-bypass turbofan engines produce much higher thrust at very low speeds and altitudes (takeoff conditions) than at their higher subsonic cruise speeds and altitudes. This creates a good match with their thrust requirements with each of these conditions, negating much of the need for augmentation techniques to produce additional power at takeoff. In addition, the F-22’s F119 afterburning turbofan has sufficient military thrust to permit supersonic cruising without lighting the afterburner (supercruising), which may greatly reduce the fraction of time this engine’s afterburner is needed.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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