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22 Military Jet Engine Acquisition operating hours. Due to the effect of elevated temperatures and op- erational stresses, the design life of an engine’s hot section compo- nents is typically shorter (often half as long) than that of its cold sec- tion components. Over the history of jet engine development, the design lives of rotating components have increased dramatically. However, as engines operate at higher temperatures and stresses, and new materials are introduced, new failure modes are discovered. These unanticipated failure modes can keep engine components from achieving their design life expectancies. The high-level parameters we described in this chapter quantita- tively capture information that is relevant to engine costs. Another factor that greatly influences development costs, as well as produc- tion and operations and support (O&S) costs, is the development ap- proach selected by the engine producer and customer. The following section briefly describes three common development approaches. APPROACHES TO JET ENGINE DEVELOPMENT In some cases, when an aircraft is being designed or upgraded, an engine that has already been fully developed for another aircraft (military or civilian) can be adopted directly as an “off-the-shelf” item. While off-the-shelf engines may still require aircraft-specific inlet or nozzle design and integration, and may require military qualification testing, the cost of these engines should be well under- stood and the costs associated with adapting them should be rela- tively minor. At the other extreme, developing an aircraft engine from scratch (referred to as a “new centerline” engine) can cost bil- lions of dollars. A common intermediate solution is to develop a “derivative” engine. A derivative development starts with an existing engine and changes components and controls to “derive” an engine that meets the new requirements. In some cases, derivative engines are simply “growth” versions of their predecessors that are intended for use in the same aircraft to accommodate increased mission re- quirements or to compensate for increasing aircraft weight. In other cases, a derivative engine may be so different from the original en- gine that its commonality with the original is outwardly indis- cernible. Derivative engines are built around a previously designed engine’s core (sometimes these cores are also enhanced over their originalPDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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