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102 Military Jet Engine Acquisition powerful GE I-16 (later J31) turbojets with 1,650 pounds of thrust. The Meteor, which first flew in March 1943, was powered by two Rolls-Royce–built Whittle W.2B engines with 1,700 pounds of thrust. Advanced piston fighters such as the Republic P-47D and North American P-51D Mustang significantly outclassed both of these heavy and underpowered two-engine aircraft. De Havilland’s axial-flow engine, by comparison, promised twice as much thrust as the Whittle engines, permitting the development of a lighter, higher-performance, single-engine fighter. In September 1943, a de Havilland Vampire prototype powered by a single de Hav- illand H-1 Goblin turbojet with a thrust rating of 2,700 pounds suc- cessfully completed its first flight. Three months earlier, Lockheed received the go-ahead to develop an aircraft using a single de Havil- land-built Goblin H-1 engine. The XP-80 Shooting Star first flew in January 1944 powered by this engine, exceeding 500 miles per hour in level flight. But the development program continued to be delayed by engine problems. The Goblin H-1, planned for production in the United States by Allis-Chalmers as the J36, was plagued with prob- lems, and the Air Force began looking around for a substitute. GE had immediately set out on improving the Whittle-based GE 1-A engine used on the XP-59A. The GE-improved Whittle variants in- cluded the I-14, the I-16 (J31), and the I-18, culminating in the dra- matically improved and virtually all-new axial-flow 4,000-pound- thrust I-40 (J33) adopted for the XP-80. However, adoption of the GE J33 necessitated major redesign of the XP-80A. The new prototypes did not begin flying until summer 1944. Although the J-33–powered P-80 (later F-80) proved to be a very successful first-generation jet fighter, it completed development too late to see combat during World War II (St. Peter, 1999).2 The British war experience with developing jet engines was similar to the experience the United States was having with new jet engine technology. The Gloster Meteor Mk 1, powered by a variant of the Whittle engine developed and manufactured by Rolls-Royce, became operational in 1944 but performed poorly and was retained in the UK for homeland defense. While Allis-Chalmers had experienced prob- ______________ 2For a history of XP-80 development, see Knaack (1978).PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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