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106 Military Jet Engine Acquisition behind the other major turbojet companies in R&D expertise and had to achieve a major leap forward in technology to stay competi- tive in the post-War environment. License-producing Rolls-Royce engines was a dead-end approach, so beginning in 1946, P&W made a major corporate strategic decision to invest substantial amounts of its own funds in new R&D and test facilities to catch up with its com- petitors. The focus of P&W’s R&D efforts was aimed at solving the two most significant shortcomings of existing turbojets, especially for military use: low thrust and high fuel consumption. The best engines in the early post-War years produced 4,000 to 5,000 pounds of thrust. P&W established the goal of doubling this thrust level by developing a 10,000-pound-thrust engine that also had better fuel efficiency. P&W’s corporate leadership focused on the military market but also recognized the possibility of later commercial applications. Of the five main U.S. jet engine companies, only P&W believed that dramatically increasing the compressor pressure ratio was the way to solve the thrust and fuel efficiency problems. P&W engineers devel- oped the key concept to make the technological leap in this area: the “twin spool” engine (Heppenheimer, 1995; St. Peter, 1999).6 The concept called for two different sets of compressor and turbine combinations in the same engine. A low-pressure compressor at the front of the engine would be driven by a low-pressure turbine con- nected by a rotating shaft inside a second rotating shaft. The outer shaft would connect a high-pressure compressor behind the low- pressure compressor to a high-pressure turbine located in front of the low-pressure turbine. This approach promised a substantial in- crease in the overall efficiency of the compressors and improved performance during engine acceleration and deceleration, while also enhancing fuel efficiency and increasing thrust. The new P&W engine, designated the J57, first ran on a test stand in 1950 (Heppenheimer, 1995). The J57 proved to be a huge, even revolutionary, advance in axial-flow turbojet technology. It was the first jet engine to develop 10,000 pounds of thrust, double that of most of its contemporaries. Later versions developed up to 18,000 ______________ 6Gunston (1989) indicates that Rolls-Royce engineers were also examining the concept of dual-spool engines immediately following the end of the war.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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