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Module Development Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis derived before the mid 1990’s. Semi-empirical correlations for lean direct injec- tion combustors calibrated with high pressure experimental data can be found in Tacina et al. [118] while earlier efforts are presented in [119]. For modern conventional aero engine combustors a large variety of semi-empirical correla- tions can be found in [120–122]. For more information on recent advances on the development of models as combustor design tools, reference should be made to Mongia [123]. The main disadvantage of all the above models is that they will only hold well for combustors designs of the same technology level as the original combustors that were used for deriving these correlations (via curve fitting of available ex- perimental data). In certain occasions, though, sufficiently accurate predictions could be produced for other combustor designs if a limited amount of data is available; one would need to adapt the constants in these correlations in order to produce a good fit with the new data available [124]. On the other hand, when no experimental data are available for insight, these correlations may result in significantly inaccurate predictions. ICAO maintains a large databank of EINOx measurements [125], taken at sea level static conditions according to ICAO Annex 16 engine emissions certification procedures [64]. For predicting emissions at altitude a variety of P3T3 methods may be used (also known as ratio or “reference” methods). Although also semi- empirical in nature, they are applicable to any conventional core turbofan engine for which reference NOx data are available; these methods essentially correct ground level measurements to an altitude condition taking into account some, or all, of the following parameters: • Combustor inlet temperature • Combustor inlet pressure • Combustor fuel to air ratio • Combustor fuel mass flow • Flight Mach number • Specific humidity 54PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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