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Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis Module Development The P3T3 method, discussed by Norman et al. [126], uses combustor inlet tem- perature and pressure, and FAR for correcting ground level measurements. Other similar methodologies include the Boeing2 fuel flow method [127,128] and the DLR fuel flow method [129–131]. These methods take advantage of the fact that P3 and T3 effects can be well correlated with engine fuel flow and flight condi- tions, at least for turbofan engines without variable geometry; they can therefore be considered as variations of the “standard” P3T3 method. The main advantage of fuel flow methods, compared to the “standard” P3T3 method, lays with the fact that they don’t require sensitive engine performance data. On the other hand, the “standard” P3T3 method can provide predictions that reflect better the influence of engine performance on NOx emissions, in those cases where en- gine performance data are available. Existing fuel flow methods are not suitable for heat-exchanged core turbofan engines, with or without variable geometry, due to the different correlation of fuel flow and flight conditions with P3 and T3. Finally, all these methods (“standard” P3T3 and fuel flow) have one issue in common which forms their main limitation; they require EINOx measurement data at sea level static conditions to be used as reference. In those cases where reference measurement data are not available, for example during the conceptual design of a novel engine configuration, P3T3 methods are of limited use. A large selection of public domain semi-empirical correlations and P3T3 methods, from the references discussed earlier, has been implemented in HEPHAESTUS. Each correlation is suitable for a particular combustor concept (and technology level) such as rich burn single annular, rich burn dual-annular, or lean burn design. 3.3.3 Derivation of a NOx correlation for modern rich- burn single-annular combustors To further enhance the NOx predictions of HEPHAESTUS, a semi-empirical correlation was derived for modern rich-burn single annular combustor designs coupled with high OPR (Overall Pressure Ratio) cycles. The correlation is based on a large number of engine performance data produced with the Cranfield in- house library of engine performance models, and corresponding NOx emissions measurement data from the ICAO engine emissions databank [125]. NOx predic- tions produced with this correlation for a high OPR conventional core 2020 entry 55PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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