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Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis System uncertainty due to thermo-fluid modelling Figure 4.2: Percentage deviation of isobaric heat capacity (left) and γ (right) calculated for dry air with commonly used technical models from CEA. ity in the range of temperatures and pressures that the ideal gas assumption holds well - is 0.3% while for γ its approximately 0.1% i.e. nearly three times lower. Essentially, the uncertainty in calculating the isobaric heat capacity from the technical models is within the same order of magnitude as the uncertainty induced by not accounting for real gas effects in modern gas turbine engines currently in service [183]. This uncertainty can propagate to gas turbine perfor- mance calculations carried out using the fully rigorous approach. An interesting anomaly to observe is the unsmoothness of the curves in Fig. 4.2. This is mainly attributed to the implicit low precision in the output values from the CEA code. The output values from the implementation of the other technical models within the fluid model, have a much higher number of significant digits. It is therefore expected that the curves showing the percentage deviations between these models and CEA will not be very smooth. According to Cengel [196] “A result with more significant digits than that of given data falsely implies more accuracy. It is appropriate to retain all the digits during intermediate calculations and to do the rounding in the final step”. For graphical comparisons the data would need to be produced with a good, and similar, number of significant digits - but that would require to access and modify the NASA proprietary CEA source code. 4.6 Ideal gas assumption and caloric properties In this section, an attempt has been made to study the effects of temperature, FAR and lambda (λ), Water to Air Ratio (WAR), fuel and H/C ratio, and disso- ciation (including pressure effects) on the calculation of caloric properties using 89PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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