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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Nanomechanics and nanocontacts At the nanoscale a number of phenomena occur that could be neglected at the macro- scale. The below will provide examples of nanostructures and how they are influ- enced by nanomechanical forces due to quantum size-effects, adhesion, and elec- trical fields. In particular the nanocontact – a small contact that forms when two materials are brought close to each other and make contact – is of importance, and under the influence of nanomechanical forces it permits a way to start understanding a number of phenomena at the nanoscale including elastic beams, friction, charged nanocontacts, and triboelectricity. Also of importance is that matter cannot be treated as a continuum. Instead, matter is discrete with atomic building blocks and loosely bound atoms, so-called adatoms [1], which can diffuse under the influence of weak nanomechanical forces due to the thermal vibration of the lattice [2]. That the nanoscale is different from the macroscale, can easily be seen by chang- ing the scale of an object, permitting simple estimations of which physical phenom- ena are important, and which can safely be ignored. For example, say that an object has a lateral extension of L, then the area will be L2 and the volume L3. The area- volume ratio will then be 1/L. If L decreases from 1 m to 1 nm, then this ratio will grow with the factor 109. This is the reason one sometimes hear that at the nanoscale everything is surface. If ”everything” is surface, adhesion will be important for nanoscale objects. Ad- hesion is of importance to nanoscale phenomena including friction and triboelectric- ity. In practice the contact between two surfaces is between several nanocontacts. As explained below, this is the origin of the apparent area independency of friction forces. One particularly clear example of how nanocontacts are used to enhance the ad- hesion is how evolution has given some small animals the advantage that allow them 1PDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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