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2 Introduction to run up on smooth walls and even ceilings. Instead of having feet with one large contact area, which in practice will only make true contact between a smaller number of nanocontacts, the feet are designed with nanosized hair allowing a large number of nanocontacts and thereby increasing the adhesion force, see Figure 1.1. The inventions of the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force mi- croscope added key laboratory tools to investigate the nano-mechanical area. These microscopes are not only used for imaging, instead since the sensing tip is just a single nanocontact, detailed investigations have been done for many of the above mentioned systems. Electrical charge will give rise to electric fields that should be considered enor- mous if present at the macroscale. For example, a voltage of 1 V over a distance of 1 nm, will give an electric field of 1 GV/m. This means that strong electrostatic forces could be present at nanocontacts moving around atoms on the surface. Be- cause atoms or molecules could have dipole moments they are affected by inhomo- geneous electric fields [3]. Sometimes they have a net charge making them able to contribute to, for example, the triboelectric charging when two different materials come in contact [4]. Charge transfer can also cause strong adhesive forces [5]. Quantum mechanics tell us that a particle could also be described as a wave, and when its wavelength is of the size of the object we need to consider quantum effects. At the atomic scale the system is always governed by quantum mechanics but at the nanoscale it depends on the particular system, geometry, and the wavelength of the active particles. 1.2 Quantum effects at the nanoscale What decides if a system is in the quantum regim or in the classical regime? Every particle in motion has a wavelength associated with it called the de Broglie wave- length λ. It is given by λ = hp, (1.1) where p = mv is the linear momentum. Here m is the particle mass and v is the particle speed. The particle speed is related to the temperature T by 21 mv2 = 32 kB T so we obtain λ=√h. (1.2) 3mkB T This is the thermal de Broglie wavelength. We see that a low temperature T and a small particle mass m make λ large. If the distances between the particles are small so that the de Broglie waves of the individual particles overlap, we are in the quantum regime. If the distances between particles are large compared with the de Broglie wavelength, we are in the classical regime. In the nanometer scale, electronsPDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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