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1.2 Quantum effects at the nanoscale 5 Figure 1.3: (1): When a nanowire is stretched, its cross section decreases. All electron energy levels are then shifted to higher energies. Then the top states can be pushed over the Fermi level and the corresponding electrons leave the wire. This will then decrease the energy due to fewer electrons in the wire. However, stretching the nanowire further without pushing out any new electron state will increase the energy of the remaining electrons until another state is pushed out and so on. The energy of the electrons and thus the tensile force will thus oscillate with the elongation. From Blom et al. [8]. ⃝c The American Physical Society. (2 A): Nanotube (hollow nanowire) oscillation driven by thermal excitation. (2 B): Nanotube driven by an external electric field to the first harmonic at 530 kHz. (2 C): Nanotube driven by an external electric field to the second harmonic at 3.01 MHz. From Poncharal et al. [9]. ⃝c American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1.3. Then the top states can be pushed over the Fermi level and the corresponding electrons leave the wire. This will then decrease the energy due to fewer electrons in the wire. However, stretching the nanowire further without pushing out any new electron state will increase the energy of the remaining electrons until another state is pushed out and so on. The energy of the electrons and thus the tensile force will thus oscillate with the elongation as reported by ref. [11]. The electrical conduction also decreases in steps as electron states are pushed over the Fermi level. This has been experimentally confirmed [12]. 1. 2.PDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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