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8 Introduction D Figure 1.5: Phase diagram showing STM induced surface modifications at different tip voltage U and different tip-to-surface distance D mainly constructed using ref. [15, 16] and ref. [17]. In drawing the lines for mound formation, we have assumed that it is the electric field E = U/D that decides if a particular kind of mound will be formed. Mounds will form at positive voltages, area A. Based on our model assuming field induced diffusion of adatoms we are able to calculate the threshold electric field for mound formation for area A to E0 = μ/α ≈ 2 V/nm. In area B we have transfer of tip materials to the surface making a mound of tip material on the surface. For pits, area C, we have assumed that they are formed at constant U independently of the tip-to-surface distance D in agreement with Kondo et al. [17]. At short distances and low electric fields, area D, the van der Waals force will contribute in creating a mound [18]. using an AFM cantilever placed inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). In this way, they were able to image the system while manipulating it. They found an anomalously high value of the jump-to-contact distance indicating a larger force than expected from the distance between the tips using the van der Waals force. Closer inspection revealed a thin neck formed between the tip and sample. Their in- terpretation was that the van der Waals force caused field induced surface diffusion leading to a shorter gap, which in turn increased the van der Waals force, and this avalanche of adatoms quickly formed the neck. 1.5 Triboelectricity – Friction with charge transfer Tribology is the science of friction, lubrication, and wear. Triboelectricity concerns studies of the charging due to contacts between materials. When two different ma- terials come in contact, charge is transferred so that one material becomes positively charged and the other material becomes negatively charged [21]. By comparing twoPDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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