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1.5 Triboelectricity – Friction with charge transfer 9 materials at a time, a triboelectric series can be established. If one chooses two mate- rials far apart in a linear serie, the created charge difference will be larger than if one chooses materials that are closer to each others in the series. The mechanism for triboelectricity is not fully clear, except when contacting two metals. In the metallic case, the difference between the work functions of the two metals determine the amount of transferred charge [22, 23]. All metals are expected to be in a linear series in this way: that is if three materials A, B and C charge more negatively according to A → B and B → C then we know that A → C. The triboelectric mechanism for non-metals is not fully understood, but in several cases it is clear that motion of ions is involved. Many studies [4] show that materials, that are known to contain ions, give consistent charging results if the mechanism is modelled as motion of ions. Further, a cyclic series may in some cases be created indicating the existence of more than one charging mechanism. For a cyclic series we may have A → B and B → C, as in the standard linear series, however, then C → A (see Fig. 1.6) making the series cyclic. This cyclic mechanism cannot be ex- plained using only one mechanism, instead several mechanisms might be involved with ion transfer or electron transfer between potential wells of atoms, or by both mechanisms. Figure 1.6: Triboelectric series are of two kinds: a linear triboelectric series is shown to the left, and a cyclic triboelectric series to the right. These two types of series indicate two different charging mechanisms: with the exception of bulk electron transfer we seems to have ion transfer [4] or transfer of localized electrons [24]. Figure adapted from McCarty and Whitesides [4].PDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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