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10 Introduction Figure 1.7: Two possible mechanism of triboelectric charge transfer (a): Electron transfer. (b): Ion transfer. Adapted from [4]. 1.6 Triboelectric nanogenerators Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), that were invented by Zhong Lin Wang and co-workers in 2012 [25], utilize the contact electrification described above. In prin- ciple the devices are capacitors, charged by the triboelectric effect, that change their energies as the plates are separated. Many modes are possible, some of them are shown in Figure 1.8. The energy of a capacitor is given by Q2 Q2d W = 2C = 2ε0A. (1.5) Here Q is the fixed capacitor charge, d is the distance between the plates, A is the contact area between the plates and ε0 is the permittivity of vacuum. We see that we can increase the energy W by increasing the charge Q by selecting the right contact materials, by increasing the plate distance d, or by decreasing the contact area A. The open circuit voltage of the triboelectric nanogenerator is given by u = Q = Qd, (1.6) C ε0A and is independent of operating frequency f . The current becomes i = dQ/dt and is thus proportional to f . This means that the power P = ui generated is proportional to the frequency. This can be compared with an electromagnetic generator where the voltage is proportional to speed and thus is proportional to the operating frequency. Using a constant resistance as a load, also the current in an electromagnetic generator will become proportional to frequency. Thus, for an electromagnetic generator thePDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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