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2.4 A wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerator 29 Voltage (V) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Wind tunnel Generator d = 5 mm d = 3 mm d = 7 mm u = 0.4012 f d = 3 mm u = 0.6027 f d = 5 mm u = 0.3527 f d = 7 mm Frequency (Hz) Figure 2.8: Voltage u as a function of vibration frequency f for the three different half electrode distances. We see that the voltage becomes larger for d = 5 mm than for d = 3 mm and d = 7 mm at the same frequency. Inset: photography of the triboelectric nanogenerator mounted inside the table-top-sized wind tunnel at work, generating enough power to light up the LED:s on the circuit board. where P = 1/f is the period time for one oscillation. The charge transfer Q increases with contact force [48, 49]. The contact force F in turn increases with the impact speed v because the impulse I = F t = 2mv where t is the contact time. These two reasons, (i) and (ii), suggest that the voltage should increase with the half width d. We see that as d increases from 3 mm to 5 mm the voltage increases in qualitatively agreement with this. However, for the larger d = 7 mm, the voltage decrease compared to the 5 mm case, see Figure 2.8. This effect can be due to that for this d, higher harmonic n = 3 is excited instead of the lower harmonic n = 2 which may be excited at d = 3 mm and 5 mm. Different harmonics has different geometrical shapes affecting the contact area with the electrodes, and can thus change the charge transferred and the voltage. In this section, we have presented an experiment with a triboelectric nanogen- erator in a wind tunnel and tried to explain the result. The nanogenerator consists of two copper electrodes with a plastic ribbon in between that is fluttering as the wind blows. We measured the frequency and voltage response of the nanogeneratorPDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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