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Discussion 33 these mechanisms. A two-level Schottky model, assuming ion transfer, was developed to describe the temperature dependence of the triboelectric effect for a TENG. It was assumed that a number of the adatoms shared between two contacting surfaces of different materials are ionized. The two levels are characterized by the different energies that the ions have as they are attached to one surface or the other. This means that the Boltzmann distribution can be used to calculate the ratio of the number of ions at the two surfaces at any temperature. The model describes the decreasing triboelec- tric effect in TENGs with increasing temperature as described in the literature, and results in a separation energy which is of the right order of magnitude for physi- cally adsorbed atoms when the model is compared with experiments reported in the literature. Another charging model was suggested by Xu et al. [24], published at about the same time as our Schottky paper. Xu propose that a charging mechanism could be transfer of electrons between potential wells of atoms. How does this model com- pare to our ion Schottky model? We believe that the two models should be equiv- alent for the following reasons: We know that ions follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution because there are many unoccupied states on the surfaces. Even local- ized electrons should approximately follow this distribution because the electrons in this system are not part of a Fermi gas: there are a lot of unoccupied states for the electrons to go between at the surfaces. It should thus not matter energy-wise if an entire ion moves to the other surface or if it is just the charge of the ion that moves to an uncharged atom on the other surface as long as the transfer is made between atoms of the same kind. High frequency experiments might distinguish between the models because electrons move more easily than heavy ions. The triboelectric effect can be used to generate electricity in TENGs, where two surfaces are repeatedly brought in and out of contact, and where the charge transfer is turned into electrical energy. It was recently demonstrated that TENGs can con- vert wind energy into electrical energy. In our work, a plastic ribbon fluttering in the wind between two copper electrodes was used to produce electric power. We find that the fluttering is proportional to the von Karman frequency, making them suitable both as air speed sensors as well as power generators. The data seems to suggest that different harmonics of oscillations in the plastic ribbon can be excited in response to the von Karman vortices depending on electrode distance. We do furthermore anticipate that a wind driven triboelectric nanogenerator of this design can be useful because it can generate power already at air speeds as low as 1.6 m/s. There are two features that make a TENG wind generator interesting for large-scale implementation in society. Firstly, the very simple design of the TENG compared to standard electromagnetic generators might make the manufacturing cost an order of magnitude lower. Secondly, the finding that it is operational at very low wind speed should allow placement of TENG wind generators inside cities and other places that do not suit todays wind power systems.PDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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