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History of Aviation Propulsion HISTORY OF PROPULSION FOR AVIATION Throughout man’s history there has been a con- stant need for power to move. Whether to hunt for food, to escape predators or enemies, to plow a field, to take goods to trade, to go to war; there has always been a need to get from one place to another. ANIMAL POWER Initially the only power available was your own muscles or the muscles of some beast of burden. One could go faster by riding a horse. More power could be had by using teams of horses or oxen or hundreds or even thousands of people, but there were certainly limitations as to what could be done and how fast it could be done. WATER AND WIND Water travel allowed for more speed and greater loads, but one had to either row, sail, or go with the current. Men did learn how to sail against the wind, but the wind does not always blow. They built canals to go where they wanted, but speed was a limitation. STEAM ENGINES The first steam engine was called an aeolipile (“wind ball”) and was invented by a Greek, Hero of Alexandria, in the 1st century AD. Steam entered a ball and exited from one of two bent pipes. This caused the ball to spin, but it was only used as a toy. The first steam device to do actual work wasn’t invented until 1698: An engine developed by Thomas Savery in England was used to pump water out of flooded mines. Refinements to the engine were made by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 and James Watt in 1769. These engines worked Aeolipile. Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines by introducing steam into a cylinder and then cool- ing it, causing the steam to condense. This created a rapid decrease in the volume of gas present and thus caused a piston to move. Watt’s improvement, con- densing the steam outside the working cylinder, was so efficient that he is often wrongly credited with the invention of the steam engine. His work brought on the Industrial Revolution. Factories and mills no longer had to be located on a source of water power, and the way was opened to create self-propelled vehicles. This new technology was first applied to a vehicle by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a French military engi- neer, in 1769. His three-wheeled steam “wagon” was designed to carry cannons, and it ran at almost 3 miles per hour (mph). It was heavy and hard to control, and after smashing into a wall it quickly lost support. By 1840, however, steam power was in regular use in Cugnot steam engine. steam coaches, railroads, and steamboats. Man’s greatest dream, to fly through the air like the birds, was just starting to appear on scene. Hot air balloons got man into the air, but at the whim of the wind. To use steam power in a practical way to power an aircraft was an impossible dream. Steam engines were heavy and required both fuel and water. However, inventors were not deterred, and experimental aircraft using steam engines to turn large fans for propulsion appeared as early as 1882. French engineer Clement Ader built a series of light, steam-powered aircraft. One of these, the E’tole, weighted only 653 pounds (lb), including the operator. Witnesses said that the craft made a few hops, the longest being 165 feet (ft). Ader, however, had no means to control the craft. 5 INTRODUCTIONPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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