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In the late 1880s American expatriate and inventor of the machine gun, Hiram Maxim, became interest- ed in aviation and actually became the first person to pilot a self-propelled heavier-than-air craft. Spending £20,000 of his own funds, Maxim had a huge biplane craft constructed. It was about 200 ft from front to rear with a wingspan of 104 ft. Two 18-ft propellers were each turned by a separate steam engine that produced 180 horsepower (hp) and were run from a common boiler. The craft carried four people and weighed an astounding 8000 lb. On July 31, 1894, the craft moved down its 1800-ft launch rail and actually lifted off. INTERNAL COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES During the period of time from 1860 to 1900 a number of creative people developed a variety of reciprocation piston engines that burned fuel within cylinders. The first patent for such an engine was by Samuel Morey of the United States in 1826. In 1858, Belgium-born Jean Lenoir patented a double-acting piston engine that ran on coal gas. He applied it to a three-wheeled vehicle that he drove 50 miles in 1862. The French inventor Alphonse deRochas created a pis- ton engine that compressed the gas within the cylinder before ignition and placed it on a wheeled vehicle in 1862. Siegfried Marcus in Austria did the same in 1864. When removed from a museum cellar in 1950 Marcus’s vehicle was still drivable! In Germany in 1876, Nikolaus Otto patented the Otto cycle four-stroke engine consisting of intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust. Most cars still use the Otto cycle today. Gottlieb Daimler invented the first “modern” gasoline engine with vertical cylinders and a carburetor, which he patented in 1887. Karl Benz sold his first gasoline-powered cars in 1887. During this same time, Samuel Langley had con- structed a one-quarter-scale model of his previously steam-powered airplane but with a gasoline engine. It flew successfully in 1901 and was the first gasoline- powered aircraft. In 1899, Wilbur and Orville Wright began con- structing kites and gliders and unlocking the secrets of aerial control. In 1902 they developed a 32-ft glider that could be controlled along all three axes—pitch, roll, and yaw. In just 6 weeks during the winter of 1902–03, along with their mechanic Charlie Taylor, they built a lightweight four-cylinder aluminum block engine. They used their own wind tunnel data to design the first true aircraft propellers, which had an airfoil cross section and an efficiency of 66 percent, a great improvement over Maxim’s flat blades. On December 17, 1903, they made the first controlled flight of a powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. During this same time, Samuel Langley made a full-scale version of his successful quarter-scale model with a 5-cylinder, air-cooled radial engine that pro- duced a remarkable 52 hp. Unfortunately, in two launch attempts in October and December of 1903, his air- craft’s structure failed at launch. During 1904 and 1905, the Wrights built larger engines with increased horsepower. They also further improved their propeller design and by October of 1905 Hiram Maxim holds one of his steam engines. A second restraining rail—set at a height of 9 inches (in.) and designed to keep the craft from gaining altitude— broke, and the craft rose almost 5 ft in the air for a dis- tance of almost 1000 ft before a part of the structure broke and it crumpled to the ground. Although it lacked any form of adequate control in the air, Maxim’s plane showed that an engine with sufficient horsepower—even steam engines—could make very heavy aircraft fly. About this time another aviation pioneer, Samuel P. Langley, entered the race for powered flight. In 1897 he developed a steam-powered model aircraft that weighed 26 lb and had a 5-ft wing span that flew for over a half mile (mi). Langley’s efforts to scale up this aircraft to be large enough to carry a pilot, however, proved to be very difficult. History of Aviation Propulsion Maxim’s aircraft. 6PDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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