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For the 40 years following the first flight of the Wright brothers, airplanes used internal combustion engines to turn propellers, which generate thrust. Today, most general aviation or private airplanes are still powered by propellers and internal combustion engines, much like your automobile engine. As the name implies, the combustion process of an internal combustion engine takes place in an enclosed cylinder where chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy. Inside the cylinder is a mov- ing piston which compresses a mixture of fuel and air before combustion and is then forced back down the cylinder following combustion. On the power stroke the piston turns a crankshaft, which converts the lin- ear (up and down) motion of the piston into circular motion. The turning crankshaft is then used to turn the aircraft propeller. The motion of the piston is repeated in a thermodynamic cycle called the Otto Cycle, which was developed Dr. N. A. Otto of Germany in 1876 and is still used today. For a complete discussion of piston engine operation look at the following Web site: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/otto. html INTAKE COMPRESSION The second stroke is COM- PRESSION. When the piston reaches “bottom dead center” the intake valve closes, sealing the cylinder, and the piston moves back up the cylinder. As the vol- ume is decreased, the piston does work on the gas mixture. The fuel- air mixture is compressed to about one-ninth of its volume, raising its temperature and increasing its pressure. Now the gas particles are very close together so they will be able to react quickly when ignited. POWER As the piston nears top dead center, a surge of high-voltage cur- rent is sent to the spark plug. This produces a high-energy spark, which ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture. The fuel rapidly combines with the oxygen (burns) and produces carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. These hot gases expand and exert tremendous force on the piston, driving down the cylinder and turning the crank- shaft. This is called the POWER stroke, and work is done by the gases. EXHAUST Once bottom dead cen- ter is reached and the piston starts back up the cylinder, the EXHAUST stroke begins. The exhaust valve opens, residual heat is exchanged (released), and pressure returns to atmo- spheric conditions. The piston pushes the waste gases out of the cylinder, and the process is ready to begin again. Compression Piston Engines The first stroke of this four- stroke process is called INTAKE. As the piston moves down from the top of the cylinder, called “top dead center,” the intake valve opens and a mixture of air and a very fine mist of fuel, usually gasoline, is drawn into the cylinder at constant pres- sure. The ideal mixture is about 14.7 parts air to one part fuel. This means that 1 lb of gasoline uses 115 lb of air! In your car engine this fine mist of fuel is sprayed directly into the intake by a fuel injector. The fine mist of liquid fuel provides a great deal of surface area that can react quickly with the oxygen in the air. Power Intake Exhaust Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 13 TYPES OF ENGINESPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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