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The amount of power derived from this type of engine depends on a number of factors. There is no work done by either the intake or exhaust cycle, so half of the strokes of the engine do nothing to add to or subtract from the engine’s performance. The remaining strokes determine the work available from the engine. and creates more heat that must be dissipated. Some aircraft engines are air-cooled to save weight, and radial arrangements of cylinders as shown below allow for more cooling but increase drag. Others are water cooled, requiring the additional weight of a radiator and water. Raising the pressure in the cylinders creates more heat, stresses metal, and requires special fuel to prevent knocking. Engineers are always trying to maxi- mize the balance between the positive and negative forces in any processes. Radial engine. Also note that the Otto cycle to the left is labeled “ideal.” In actual operation, gasoline engines are in the range of 30 percent efficient because gases don’t burn instantly at constant volume, there are losses due to friction, and much of the heat generated goes to waste in the radiator and exhaust rather than to power. Piston Engines volume Constant volume process Adiabatic process Ideal Otto cycle. In an ideal Otto cycle, as shown on this diagram, the area enclosed between the compression stroke (2– 3) and the power stroke (4–5) is the work done by the engine. To increase the amount of work done this area needs to be made larger. Increasing the volume of the cylinder, having more cylinders, raising the pressure, decreasing the volume during compression, or forcing more air into the cylinder (supercharging) are all ways this can be accomplished. With aircraft engines these changes cause some problems. Increasing the num- ber or size of the cylinders adds weight to the engine 14PDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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