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RAMJETS Rockets are a proven way to accelerate crafts to very high speeds, but rockets must carry their own supply of oxidizer as well as fuel. About 82 percent of the mass of the external tank of the space shuttle is liq- uid oxygen (oxidizer). Ramjets are designed to scoop up their oxygen from the atmosphere and eliminate this extra weight. The downside is that the ramjet engine can only work when the vehicle is already moving at a consider- able speed. A ramjet produces little thrust below about half the speed of sound and works best when operating at low supersonic speeds (ranging from Mach 1 to 3)— SR–71 Blackbird. where they are more efficient than turbojet aircraft. Depending on their design, ramjets will operate best at different ranges (operational envelope) of Mach number and altitude. Design factors must also com- pensate for increased drag, which increases with the square of the Mach number. Ramjet engines were experimented with in the early 1950’s in such programs as the Lockheed X–7 and the French Leduc and were used in some missile systems such as the Bomarc. The SR–71 Blackbird reconnaissance plane used some ramjet principles in what would become known as “bypass engines.” At low aircraft speeds, all of the air went through the inlet, compressor, burner, turbine, afterburner, and nozzle. At high speed, the inlet did most of the compressing where much of the air was ducted around the later stages of the compressor, burner, and turbine, and injected directly into the afterburner with some air still passing through the core of the engine. This arrange- ment achieved a speed slightly over Mach 3.2. Cutaway view of ramjet engine. Thrust is produced by passing hot, combusted gases through a nozzle where the nozzle accelerates the flow. To maintain flow, combustion must occur at a pressure higher than the nozzle pressure. In a standard turbojet engine this pressure is created by the action of the compressor. In a ramjet, however, there is no compressor. Instead, the forward speed of the vehicle is employed to “ram” air into the combustor. At supersonic speeds air enters the intake where a diffuser nozzle causes the air to slow down to around Mach 0.2 through a series of shock waves. This sudden slowing creates the pres- sure needed to operate the engine. Fuel is injected and burned with the aid of a flame holder. Since there is no compressor to power, there is no need for a turbine and the hot gases expand directly out the nozzle. It is important to note that, other than an external tur- bopump to inject fuel, the ramjet has no moving parts and is lighter in weight than a turbojet. It also can operate at higher temperatures than a turbojet because there is no turbine that might melt: thus it is more efficient. Ramjet and Scramjet Engines Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 19 TYPES OF ENGINESPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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