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SCRAMJETS When the speed of a ramjet increases above Mach 5, the temperature in the combustion chambers would exceed 2000 °C. At this temperature the air is so hot that not much additional energy can be gained by burn- ing fuel. There would also be some serious material damage to the inside of the engine. high speeds. The frictional energy from any colliding air is transferred to the airframe, and temperatures can get high enough to destroy the aircraft. The diagram at the left shows how the nose of NASA’s X–43A is designed to slice through the air and eliminate as much drag as possible. Pegasus with X–43A (in circle) mounted under wing of B–52 launch plane. Also, like in regular ramjets, the scramjet must be accelerated to an operational velocity around Mach 5. One way to do this is to use a rocket as shown on the model at the lower left. On November 16, 2004, NASA successfully flew the X–43A at Mach 9.6 by first hav- ing a B–52 carry the first stage of a Pegasus rocket with an X–43A attached (see inside the circle, on the photograph above) to an altitude of 40,000 ft. At that point the Pegasus was dropped and ignited. It carried the X–43A to an altitude of around 110,000 ft where the rocket released the X–43A to fire its own scramjet engine. At present much more research needs to be done on hypersonic flight, where it is predicted that scram- jets may some day reach speeds between Mach 10 and 25. Ramjet and Scramjet Engines Three views (top, front and side) of X–43A Hypersonic Experimental Vehicle. Scramjets are a way to overcome this speed limita- tion. In a scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjets), the incoming air is not slowed down to subsonic speeds, but is burned at supersonic speed. This creates other problems. The biggest of these is getting the fuel to mix efficiently with the air and burn in milliseconds or less before it exits the nozzle. It has been shown that hydrogen gas can be made to mix efficiently and burn under these conditions. Model of X–43A mounted on nose of Pegasus rocket. Airframes need to be extremely aerodynamic to minimize temperature increases resulting from the fric- tion they experience when slamming into air at such 20PDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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